Purpose: FOOD security is a critical global challenge that is influenced by research and innovation in the field. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the scientific output of developing countries in FOOD security and examine its relationship with patents and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Methodology: This applied research utilized the Scientometric approach. A total of 8,416 papers published between 1992-2023 in the field of FOOD security by developing countries were included in the study using citation databases from Clarivate Analytics. Additionally, patent registrations from the WIPO database and GDP data from the World Bank were analyzed. Information was collected through note-taking, and the data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Findings: The findings reveal an upward trend in the publication and citation of scientific outputs related to FOOD security in developing countries. China has higher numbers of papers, patents, GDP, and FOOD production index compared to Iran, Japan, and South Korea. There is also a positive correlation observed between population and the number of papers, gross production and the number of papers, FOOD production and the number of published papers, as well as the number of patents and papers citing scientific outputs of countries.Conclusion: These results highlight the significant relationship between increasing scientific output, GDP, the number of patents, and FOOD security. Greater emphasis on FOOD security contributes to enhanced scientific output, GDP, and innovation. Similarly, increasing scientific output, GDP, and innovation positively impact FOOD security in countries.Value: This study emphasizes the importance of scientific outputs in driving technological advancements, innovations, and ultimately, ensuring FOOD security in developing countries.

Today, many different methods are applied for the correct use of FOODs and to prevent their deterioration. Ensuring healthy conditions for people in FOOD consumption and consumption of healthy FOODs is very important for human welfare. In this study, FOOD spoilage, the factors that cause FOOD spoilage, its effects on a global basis, FOOD transport systems (cold chain) and measures that prevent or delay FOOD spoilage are discussed.

2Various researches have shown that Iran's educational system does not pay enough attention to cultural differences and mostly promotes the dominant and official national culture in an engineered way. The focus of these researches has been focused on the inputs of the educational system. The current research, relying on the mixed exploratory method, tried to examine both the inputs and educational processes in order to test the truth of this claim, whether such a claim is consistent with the reality in the educational system. In this way, in the qualitative part, first the teachers' lived EXPERIENCES of the criteria that were considered for their selection and employment were analyzed (inputs), and then in the quantitative part, the teacher's success in the classroom was analyzed. It was predicted based on the mentioned criteria (processes). The findings of this research showed that scientific identity and ideological identity are valued in the recruitment of teachers, and because of this, criteria such as personal success, special privileges, and religious and moral foundations are put forward. However, it is only the teacher's personal success that can predict his success in the classroom. This shows that the ideological identity is only manifested in the inputs and is practically not institutionalized in the classroom and teaching processes. In this way, considering Iran's educational system as ideological does not match the realities of the educational system.

Good health has been as a long standing ideal for human being, which FOOD quantity and quality have played a key role in providing such an ideal. As a famous statement, to be poor by definition is to have less of the good things that society produces for its members, including good health and proper nutrition. Phenomenon that is called inequality, not only will be present in many areas- having its independent effect on FOOD intake EXPERIENCES each- overlapping inequalities will produce disadvantages that are more than the sum of their parts.Without having a mere economic stance for poverty/inequality here, it should be noted that simultaneous dependency of people to various disadvantaged socio-economic statuses will seriously affect their FOOD intake EXPERIENCES. In other words, multiple disadvantaged people/families will have the poorest FOOD-related EXPERIENCES. Among these multiple disadvantages, coming from nutritional literature, are lower income, lower education, higher family size, to have female household head, and rural-urban dichotomy.Present study, exploiting households’ FOOD expenditure information of more than 38000 Iranian households, coming from nationally representative samples in year 2012, examines FOOD-related EXPERIENCES in relation to various dimensions of households/household heads’ SES status. A special emphasis is given to intersectionality of various statuses.Preliminary findings indicate that beside of independent effects of any of lower SES related statuses, intersectionality effects are also present, while taking households’ FOOD-related EXPERIENCES (including; per-capita energy intake, per-capita consumption of various FOOD groups, and FOOD variety) into account.

Eating is a physical need as well as a cultural and social activity. Tourists' demand for local FOOD occurs at different levels of needs. Therefore, there is a difference in how tourists react to the consumption of local FOOD. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting local FOOD demand in attracting FOOD FOODies in order to segment the tourism market according to the needs of tourists interested in local FOOD as an attraction. In this study, to investigate the factors affecting local FOOD demand in attracting FOODies, a researcher-made questionnaire with 26 indicators and a Likert scale was prepared and distributed among tourists in the city in the summer of 1398 and the method of selecting samples by random sampling was available and 100 questionnaires were completed within a month, of which 85 were appropriate for use,The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and analyzed by structural equation modeling with least squares (PLS-SEM) approach. The model variables of the study were extracted from the summary of previous studies. The results showed that in the model of factors affecting local FOOD demand in attracting FOODies, motivational factors, demographic factors and psychological factors with values of path coefficients of 0. 30, 0. 613, 0. 338, respectively, and local FOOD demand with path coefficient values. 0. 252 is positive in all hypotheses and indicates a direct effect on latent dependent variables.

Background: According to high prevalence of obesity and central adiposity in adolescents and its relevance with FOOD intake, the aim of this research was to determine the relation between fast FOOD consumption and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference in female adolescents.Methods: This study was conducted on 140 students aged 10 to 14 years, selected randomly among guidance school students in an area of Isfahan. They completed the quantitative FOOD frequency questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed by recording daily activities. BMI was categorized to lower than 15th percentile for age and sex, named "low weight", between 15th to 85th percentile named "normal weight", between 85th to 95th percentile "overweight" and equal or more than 95th percentile named "obese".Findings: The mean value of BMI and waist circumference was 19.8±3.3 kg/m2 and 69±9 cm. 35.7% of these adolescents were either obese or overweight. The daily mean value of fast FOOD intake was 174.6 g. There was a significant relation among fast FOOD consumption, BMI and waist circumference (P<0.05). Those in the highest quartile of fast FOOD intake had higher BMI and waist circumference compared to those in the first quartile (P<0.001).Conclusion: There was a significant association between fast FOOD consumption and BMI and waist circumference among Isfahan female adolescents. Nutritional education is needed in this regard.